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SummaryMilestonesRisk summaryRisk analysisTechnologyState derivationOperatorWithdrawalsPermissionsSmart contracts

Astar zkEVM logoAstar zkEVM

Astar zkEVM is a Validium that leverages Polygon's CDK and zero-knowledge cryptography to enable off-chain transactions while maintaining EVM equivalence.
Astar zkEVM is using AggLayer, meaning it shares the TVL escrow contracts with Polygon zkEVM and other connected chains. For now, you can check its TVL here. We have not verified it so proceed with caution.
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Canonically Bridged
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Externally Bridged
$0.00
Natively Minted
$0.00
  • Tokens
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  • Daily TPS
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  • 30D tx count
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  • Type
    Validium
  • Purpose
    Universal
    • Milestones

    Astar zkEVM Launch

    2024 Mar 6th

    Astar Network launched Astar zkEVM, integrated with Polygon AggLayer.

    Learn more
    Risk summary

    Funds can be stolen if

    1. a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is a 10d delay on code upgrades.

    Funds can be lost if

    1. the proof system is implemented incorrectly,
    2. the external data becomes unavailable (CRITICAL).

    Funds can be frozen if

    1. the sequencer refuses to include an exit transaction (CRITICAL).

    Users can be censored if

    1. the operator refuses to include their transactions.

    MEV can be extracted if

    1. the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.
    Risk analysis
    Sequencer failureState validationData availabilityExit windowProposer failure

    State validation

    ZK proofs (SN)

    zkSNARKS are zero knowledge proofs that ensure state correctness, but require trusted setup.

    Data availability

    External (DAC)

    Proof construction relies fully on data that is NOT published on chain. There exists a Data Availability Committee (DAC) with a threshold of 3/5 that is tasked with protecting and supplying the data.

    Exit window

    None
    The Security Council can remove the delay on upgrades.

    Even though there is a 10d Timelock for upgrades, forced transactions are disabled. Even if they were to be enabled, user withdrawals can be censored up to 15d.

    Sequencer failure

    No mechanism

    There is no mechanism to have transactions be included if the sequencer is down or censoring. Although the functionality exists in the code, it is currently disabled.

    Proposer failure

    Self propose

    If the Proposer fails, users can leverage the source available prover to submit proofs to the L1 bridge. There is a 5d delay for proving and a 5d delay for finalizing state proven in this way. These delays can only be lowered except during the emergency state.

    Technology

    Validity proofs ensure state correctness

    Each update to the system state must be accompanied by a ZK proof that ensures that the new state was derived by correctly applying a series of valid user transactions to the previous state. These proofs are then verified on Ethereum by a smart contract.

    1. PolygonRollupManager.sol - Etherscan source code, _verifyAndRewardBatches function

    Zero knowledge STARK and SNARK cryptography is used

    Despite their production use zkSTARKs and zkSNARKs proof systems are still relatively new, complex and they rely on the proper implementation of the polynomial constraints used to check validity of the Execution Trace. In addition zkSNARKs require a trusted setup to operate.

    • Funds can be lost if the proof system is implemented incorrectly.

    Data is not stored on chain

    The transaction data is not recorded on the Ethereum main chain. Transaction data is stored off-chain and only the hashes are posted on-chain by the Sequencer, after being signed by the DAC members.

    • Funds can be lost if the external data becomes unavailable (CRITICAL).

    1. AstarValidiumEtrog.sol - Etherscan source code, sequenceBatches function
    State derivation
    Node software

    Node software can be found here.

    Compression scheme

    No compression scheme yet.

    Genesis state

    The genesis state, whose corresponding root is accessible as Batch 0 root in the getRollupBatchNumToStateRoot method of PolygonRollupManager, is available here.

    Data format

    The trusted sequencer request signatures from DAC members off-chain, and posts hashed batches with signatures to the AstarValidiumEtrog contract.

    Operator

    The system has a centralized sequencer

    Only a trusted sequencer is allowed to submit transaction batches. A mechanism for users to submit their own batches is currently disabled.

    • MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

    • Funds can be frozen if the sequencer refuses to include an exit transaction (CRITICAL).

    1. AstarValidiumEtrog.sol - Etherscan source code, onlyTrustedSequencer modifier

    Users can't force any transaction

    The mechanism for allowing users to submit their own transactions is currently disabled.

    • Users can be censored if the operator refuses to include their transactions.

    1. AstarValidiumEtrog.sol - Etherscan source code, forceBatchAddress address
    Withdrawals

    Regular exit

    The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is proven the funds become available for withdrawal on L1. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction requires a merkle proof.

    1. PolygonZkEvmBridgeV2.sol - Etherscan source code, claimAsset function
    Permissions

    The system uses the following set of permissioned addresses:

    ProxyAdminOwner 0xf98e…F76E

    Admin of the AstarValidiumEtrog rollup, can set core system parameters like timeouts, sequencer, activate forced transactions and update the DA mode.

    Sequencer 0xD49C…8203

    Its sole purpose and ability is to submit transaction batches. In case they are unavailable users cannot rely on the force batch mechanism because it is currently disabled.

    Proposer (Trusted Aggregator) 0x6329…f7ab0x20A5…51dE

    The trusted proposer (called Aggregator) provides ZK proofs for all the supported systems. In case they are unavailable a mechanism for users to submit proofs on their own exists, but is behind a 5d delay for proving and a 5d delay for finalizing state proven in this way. These delays can only be lowered except during the emergency state.

    SecurityCouncil 0x37c5…Dcb6

    The Security Council is a multisig that can be used to trigger the emergency state which pauses bridge functionality, restricts advancing system state and removes the upgradeability delay. This is a Gnosis Safe with 6 / 8 threshold.

    SecurityCouncil participants 0xFe45…2e4b0xaF46…261D0xBDc2…FEFf0x4c16…88910x3ab9…D6220x49c1…0E860x9F7d…86A00x2188…1C28

    Those are the participants of the SecurityCouncil.

    Forced Batcher 0xf98e…F76E

    Sole account allowed to submit forced transactions. If this address is the zero address, anyone can submit forced transactions.

    RollupManagerAdminMultisig 0x242d…3e21

    Admin of the PolygonRollupManager contract, can set core system parameters like timeouts and aggregator as well as deactivate emergency state. They can also upgrade the AstarValidiumEtrog contracts, but are restricted by a 10d delay unless rollup is put in the Emergency State. This is a Gnosis Safe with 2 / 3 threshold.

    RollupManagerAdminMultisig participants 0x4c16…88910xA0B0…f2270xEad7…9dB2

    Those are the participants of the RollupManagerAdminMultisig.

    Smart contracts
    A diagram of the smart contract architecture
    A diagram of the smart contract architecture

    The system consists of the following smart contracts:

    AstarValidiumDAC 0x9CCD…E0B0Implementation (Upgradable)Admin

    Validium committee contract that allows the admin to setup the members of the committee and stores the required amount of signatures threshold.

    Can be upgraded by: ProxyAdminOwner

    Upgrade delay: None

    AstarValidiumEtrog 0x1E16…DA80Implementation (Upgradable)Admin

    The main contract of the Astar zkEVM. Contains sequenced transaction batch hashes and forced transaction logic.

    Can be upgraded by: RollupManagerAdminMultisig

    Upgrade delay: None

    AstarVerifier 0x0775…Df81

    An autogenerated contract that verifies ZK proofs in the PolygonRollupManager system.

    PolygonRollupManager 0x5132…7aB2Implementation (Upgradable)Admin

    It defines the rules of the system including core system parameters, permissioned actors as well as emergency procedures. The emergency state can be activated either by the Security Council, by proving a soundness error or by presenting a sequenced batch that has not been aggregated before a 7d timeout. This contract receives L2 state roots as well as ZK proofs.

    Can be upgraded by: RollupManagerAdminMultisig

    Upgrade delay: None

    Bridge 0x2a3D…2EDeImplementation (Upgradable)Admin

    The escrow contract for user funds. It is mirrored on the L2 side and can be used to transfer both ERC20 assets and arbitrary messages. To transfer funds a user initiated transaction on both sides is required.

    Can be upgraded by: RollupManagerAdminMultisig

    Upgrade delay: None

    GlobalExitRootV2 0x580b…3CFbImplementation (Upgradable)Admin

    Synchronizes deposit and withdraw merkle trees across L1 and the L2s. The global root from this contract is injected into the L2 contracts.

    Can be upgraded by: RollupManagerAdminMultisig

    Upgrade delay: None

    Timelock 0xEf14…A4EF

    Contract upgrades have to go through a 10d timelock unless the Emergency State is activated. It can also add rollup types that can be used to upgrade verifier contracts of existing systems. It is controlled by the ProxyAdminOwner.

    The current deployment carries some associated risks:

    • Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is a 10d delay on code upgrades.

    1. State injections - stateRoot and exitRoot are part of the validity proof input.